At your service – I hope you enjoy this thread.
Everyone has heard of the mystical term
impedance rise, but more & more I read and hear people saying “I’m not worried about that yo…”
Well, sad to say, but that person will not see what they expect from their Acme 9000.
Why?
Impedance rise.
Now, I do not understand all of the physics behind this… But I do understand the end result and a portion of the process. Hopefully, someone will take something from this post and make use of it

First, and foremost: Immediately following is
how you go about mapping a given loaded enclosure for impedance shift (rise or fall). If you are brave, keep reading for a little background on Impedance shift (both thermal & EMF related).
This procedure also can be used to find the real world tuning of any ported enclosure, in a given install.
More importantly, in my opinion, the second method gives the example of the best way to go about seeing what you amplifier ‘puts out’. With regards to this, any given amplifier will produce different results in different install.
With either method, You are going to need a few basic things:
*At least one Voltmeter (VAC) –or- DMM.
*A supply of test tones. Preferably 20-80hz - NOT a sweep
*An audio system: Signal source, amplifier, drivers, enclosure
*A calculator of spreadsheet program.
*Pen & Paper
Throw in a clamp meter –or- a resistor (Radio Shack) and you’re in business.
Resistor method:
You are going to need the items mentioned above, but, in addition:
An additional VOM/DMM would be helpful.
* A 10 ohm resistor. Preferably non-inductive and able to handle 10 watts or better.
That’s it, the resistor should cost no more then
$5, and you probably have a DMM or two by now. You’re going to be amazed what you find out for a
$5 investment.
To map any enclosure, you need to measure the impedance. Unfortunately, Impedance changes as the driver’s coils travel. Thankfully, Ohm taught us a few different ways to find impedance. Enter the math:
QUOTEVr(resistor) = Va(amp) * [R(resistor)/[R(resistor) + Rs(speaker)]]
We want Rs(speaker), solving gives...
Rs(speaker) = [[Va(amp)* R(resistor)]/Vr(resistor)] - R(resistor)
Confused? Open up Microsoft Excel. Copy & Paste:
QUOTE
Rs = (Va*(R/Vr))-RWhere:
Rs = in box impedance of the driver
R = the resistor that you’ve purchased (10ohm in my example)
Va = Voltage at amp output terminals
Vr = Voltage at resistor
As for the physical how to:
Make a voltage divider circuit:
->A 10ohm resistor in series across the speaker wire / terminals
->Connect the speaker wire to an amp that is connected your source unit
->Secure your VOM’s leads into a.)The amplifer’s output terminals b.)The resistors terminals (or ends) c.) Set both to VAC
->Power up and play your test tones AT A LOW VOLUME.
->Record the readings from each VOM (or switch leads quickly from amplifier terminals to resistor terminals quickly)
->Power down and plug your readings into the spreadsheet
annnnd You’re done.

A couple of important points:
*Use LOW volume. The resistor probably cannot handle very much wattage. You smoke it, bad things could happen.
*Though tedious, you should try to use 1hz increments. 5hz at the most. A lot can change in your driver over a 5hz band.
*The average DMM sample twice per second (iirc), so you will need each tone to be at least 5 seconds long – this’ll give you a chance to glance at both and write them down. At each frequency note the voltage at the amp terminals and voltage at the resistor.
*I would put the results into Excel then plot Rs and frequency... make a line chart in your worksheet, it’ll be so much easier to grasp once you have a visual.
*I dunno how much the listening area (car interior or room shape) come into play… If you are testing in-car, open the windows to simulate your normal listening space. Unless You are only concerned about the sealed interior (a la dBdrag)
Now… to move onto the physics…
By now, you’re either heading to your amp with tools in hand –or- wondering where the heck impedance rise comes from.
This is where I’ve gotten to in my studies… so I don’t have all of the answers. Please read on with this in mind. These are my findings & summations. The following is only a jumping off point… I am not an Electrical Engineer.
-Nick
EMF, Motor cooling, and enclosure design. These are the three biggest causes of impedance shift.
*Back EMF is not a complete negative, it provides a measure of checks & balances… but that’s over the head of this thread and Me.
*Motor cooling obviously affects the nature of the coil. The hotter the metal coil, the higher it’s impedance. A well designed motor cooling system (top plate vents, vented pole pieces, pole piece type, etc…) will greatly help the driver’s stability and longevity. I’ll stop here and refer you to the link below.
*Enclosure design will obviously affect a driver in many ways. Port area, port tuning, port coupling, vB, etc… Cone speed has a whole lot to do with the ability of the motor to work efficiently. Again… I’ll refer to a link below
Tis a good read,
source:
<a href="http://www.soundsolutionsaudio.com/forum/i...?showtopic=2690" target="_blank">http://www.soundsolutionsaudio.com/forum/i...?showtopic=2690</a>